The human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the genital tract.
General information
HPV is a group of viruses that are extremely widespread worldwide. There are more than 190 types of this virus, at least 13 of which lead to the development of cancer (they are referred to as types of high risk). The human papilloma virus is mainly transferred with sexual contacts, and most people are infected with them shortly after they start having sex. Two types of HPV (16 and 18) cause 70% of all cases of cervical cancer (RSHM) and precancer -free pathological states of the cervix.
The probability of getting sick
The human papilloma virus is mainly transferred with sexual contacts, and most people are infected with them shortly after they start having sex. However, the penetrating sex is not necessary to transfer the virus. The abdominal genital contact is a well -being of the papillomavirus infection. Risk groups of HPV infections are children and adolescents who are 15-18 years old.
The cervical cancer develops due to the acquired sexual infectious agent with certain types of HPV. Risk factors for the development of RSM: the first sexual intercourse at a young age; Numerous sexual partners; Suppression of immunity (e. g. HIV-infected people have an increased risk of HPV infections and are infected with a wider area of VPV types).
Symptoms and the type of disease course
Most HPV infections do not lead to the occurrence of symptoms or illnesses and happen themselves (about 90% within 2 years). However, stable infection with certain types of HPV (mostly with the types of 16 and 18) can lead to the development of precancator pathological conditions. Without treatment, these diseases can develop into cervical cancer. Nowadays, cervical cancer is the most common disease in connection with the human papilloma virus. Cervical cancer is the fourth among the most common types of cancer in women, and the seventh in general: According to the estimates, 528 and 000 new cases were in the world in 2012.
RSM symptoms usually only occur in the advanced cancer stage and can include the following:
- Irregular, intermenstrual (between menstruation) or pathological vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse;
- Back pain, legs or in the pool;
- Fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite;
- Unpleasant sensations in the vagina or from unloading with an unpleasant smell;
- A swollen leg.
Serious symptoms can occur in the later stages.
Papillomavirus infection is also involved in 20-90% of the anus, Oropharynx, vulva, vagina and penis. It is estimated that up to 90% of all cases of anal cancer are due to HPV-16 and HPV-18, and 40% of the cases of vulva cancer, which mainly occur in older women, are associated with HPV-16.
HPV infections due to low risk types cause anogenal warts in men and women (tip condylome or sexually transmitted warts). The average time between infections with the types of HPV-6 or 11 and the development of sexually transmitted warts is 11-12 months for men and 5-6 months for young women. 16. Anogenital condylomas are difficult to treat.
HPV-6 and HPV-11 can also cause a rare disease that is known as recurrent atempapillomatosis (RRP), in which warts are formed in the larynx or in other parts of the airways. RRP is mainly observed in children under the age of 5 (juvenile PRP) or in people in the third ten lives (Adult RRP). In rare cases, women with HPV infection genitalis can give the virus the baby during birth. An absurd RRP can lead to a serious problem due to the obstruction of the airway.
Complications after the disease
It was found that in 100% of cases, RSM is due to oncases than the types of human papilloma virus (HPV). In women with a normal immune system, cervical cancer develops in 15 to 20 years. For women with a weakened immune system, for example, its development can only take 5-10 years. Despite limited data on ancientally, cancer, the cervical cancer is different, shows an increasing number of actual data on the relationship of human papillomavis to anus, vulva, vagina and penis. And although these types of cancer are less common than RSHM, you can potentially be able to prevent HPV by using the same primary prevention strategies as in cervical cancer to prevent the same primary prevention strategies.
Types of HPV that do not cause cancer (especially types 6 and 11), can cause saving condylomas and breathing compilomatosis (an illness in which tumors grow in the airways that lead to the lungs from the nose and mouth). And although these conditions very rarely lead to death, they can often lead to an illness. Sharp condylomas are widespread and extremely contagious.
mortality
There is high global mortality from cervical cancer (52%), the cause of which is human papilloma virus. Around 270, 000 women died of RSM in 2012, and more than 85% of these deaths occurred in countries with low and average income.
Treatment
The RSM screening is checked in women who have no symptoms and feel completely healthy. If the screening has precancator pathological diseases, they can be easily treated and thus prevent cancer. The screening can also identify cancer early with a high probability of healing.
In view of the fact that precancer conditions have been developing for many years, it is recommended to examine at least once in the age of 30 to 49 years aged 30 to 49 and better often a screening. The screening is effective to reduce the mortality of cervical cancer only with a significant number of women.
3 different types of screening are currently available:
- The usual Papanicolau test (Pap) and the liquid cytology (LBC);
- Visual check with acetic acid;
- Tests in the types of HPV -high risk.
In industrialized countries there are programs that offer women with screening opportunities that enable them to identify most precanciators in the phases in which they can be easily treated. The early treatment of the human papilloma virus enables you to prevent up to 80% of the cases of RSM development in these countries.
In developing countries, limited access to effective screening means that the disease is often only determined in later stages if the symptoms develop. In addition, the treatment of the disease in such a later stage is ineffective, which leads to a high level of mortality of the RSM in these countries.
Vaccination
The results of clinical studies show that the two vaccines existed today are safe and very effective when preventing an HPV infection 16 and 18. Both vaccines are more effective when vaccination is carried out before the humane papilloma virus is exposed. It is therefore preferable to carry out the vaccination before the first sexual contact. Vaccines do not treat HPV infection or disease in connection with HPV (such as cancer).
In some countries, the vaccination of boys against human papilloma virus is introduced, the fact that they prevent genital cancer from both men and women, and one of the available vaccines also prevents genital warts in men and women. In addition, the vaccination of boys serves to prevent HPV's circulation in the population of young people and young adults. Who recommends the vaccination of girls aged 9 to 13 years, as this is most effective in terms of costs, a measure of public health against cervical cancer.
Vaccination against HPV does not replace the screening with cervical cancer. In countries in which the VPV vaccine is issued, it may also be necessary to develop screening programs. By the end of 2013, the vaccine against the human papilloma virus was introduced in 55 WHO countries.
Modern mathematical models show that in the reporting of girls from 12 to 13 years, a complete course of primary immunization (3 doses) with a vaccine against the papillomavirus infection, the risks of the development of cervical cancer due to 63%, cervical intraepithelical distance of the third degree of the dislocation, with the dismissal between the nerves and dislike with the distanceMPs, up to 51%, up to the minuses of the third degree, up to the dismantling of the aversion, until the dismissal of the dislike (promoted) -Bis to Feruns) to Feruns)-51%-N- N afterrepthliction. to age. 30 years - of 27%.
Vaccinations
There are currently two vaccines that protect against 16 and 18 types of human papillomavirus, which leads to at least 70% of the cervical cancer. These vaccines can also offer certain protection against other, less frequent HPV species that cause RSM. One of these vaccines also protects against the types of HPV 6 and 11, which cause anogenital condylomas.
The development and registration of vaccines against the papillomavirus infection showed the possibility of primary prevention of the RSM.
The latest epidemics
Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women - according to estimates, 530th 000 new cases of diseases are recorded annually, around 270 000 patients die.
The incidence keeps the growth trend.
The probability of the disease of CRM of every woman during her life is 0, 53%.
Historical information and interesting facts
In the mid -70s of the 20th century, the scientist Harold Tsur Hausen discovered that women who suffer from cervical cancer are without exception infected with the human papillomavirus. In 1983 he discovered the DNA of Papillomavirus in a biopsy of cervical cancer, and this event can be seen as the opening of the oncogenic VPH-16 virus. In 2008, the Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Prize in the field of physiology and medicine Harald to the living to determine that the papilloma virus can cause cervical cancer.